Election basics
How election counting works
The steps are similar across the country, but each state sets its own rules and timelines.
- 1
Polls close
In-person voting ends at the set time. Hours vary by place, and people already in line at closing can usually still vote.
- 2
First unofficial returns
Election offices start posting early results as they process ballots. These numbers can change as counting continues.
- 3
News projections and race calls
News outlets may call a race minutes after polls close. They use models and data, including early returns. A call is not an official result and doesn't mean counting is done.
- 4
Counting continues
Mail ballots, provisional ballots and ballots received within legal deadlines can be counted later. In California, for example, ballot deadlines mean counting can take around two weeks.
- 5
Canvass
Election officials reconcile records and review results for each jurisdiction, following the procedures and deadlines set by law.
- 6
Certification
After the required reviews, officials certify results under state law. Dates and steps vary by state.
Community reports vs. official results
Community reports are voluntary. They are not an official count or a random sample. Official results come from election offices. Differences between them are expected and are not evidence of wrongdoing.
Questions
Why can news outlets call a race minutes after polls close?
News organizations use models that combine early returns with other election data. A projection or race call is an editorial decision, not an official result, and it doesn't mean counting is finished.
Why can counting take about two weeks?
It depends on the state. Mail ballots, provisional ballots and ballots that arrive within legal deadlines are processed at different times. Then offices reconcile records and certify.
What is the canvass?
The official process of reviewing and reconciling election records and results. Each state sets its own rules and deadlines.
Are community reports official results?
No. They are voluntary reports shown separately. Official results come from election offices.